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Echinochloa is a very widespread genus of plants in the Poaceae and tribe Paniceae. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 53 in Latin Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 515 稗属 bai shu Echinochloa P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 53. 1812. Flora of Pakistan Some of the species are known by the common names barnyard grass or cockspur grass. Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Echinochloa US Department of Agriculture plants profile, Echinochloa P. Beauv., cockspur grass
Some of the species within this genus are that are grown as cereal or fodder crops. The most notable of these are Japanese millet ( E. esculenta) in East Asia, Indian barnyard millet ( E. frumentacea) in South Asia, and burgu millet ( E. stagnina) in West Africa. Collectively, the members of this genus are called barnyard grasses (though this may also refer to E. crus-galli specifically), and are also known as barnyard millets or billion-dollar grasses.
When not grown on purpose, these grasses may become a nuisance to farmers. In particular, common barnyard grass ( E. crus-galli) is notorious as a weed. (2001): Response of two rice cultivars to the competition of Echinochloa crus-galli. International Rice Research Institute Notes 26(2): 36-37. PDF fulltext It is not easily suppressed with such as mucuna pruriens ( Mucuna pruriens var. utilis). (2001): The use of allelopathic legume cover and mulch species for weed control in cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 93(1): 27-36. PDF fulltext Early barnyard grass ( E. oryzoides) is a well-known example of Vavilovian mimicry: the plants have evolution to resemble rice ( Oryza), enabling them to escape weed control more easily. (1983): Mimicry in Plants. Scientific American 257(3): 76-83.
Among the that affect this genus are the sac fungus Cochliobolus sativus, which has been noted on common barnyard grass, and rice hoja blanca virus. Both affect many other grass species, in particular most important cereals, and Echinochloa weeds may serve as a reservoir. The fungi Drechslera monoceras and Exserohilum monoceras have been evaluated with some success as potential biocontrol agents of common barnyard grass in rice fields. More research is necessary, however, because they may not be host-specific enough to be of practical use. (2001): Preliminary evaluation of potential pathogenic fungi as bioherbicides of barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli) in China. International Rice Research Institute Notes 26(2): 36-37. PDF fulltext Insect pests include Atherigona falcata, the barnyard millet shoot fly.
see Acroceras, Axonopus, Brachiaria, Oplismenopsis, Oplismenus, Panicum, Pseudechinolaena, Setaria, Urochloa
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